MISSING LINK FOUND! MAN’S APE ANCESTORY PROVEN! Headlines such as these have flooded science books and newspapers in the recent years. In fact people have completely lost faith in God because of such statements by the scientific community. These statements are today the favorite of atheists and a discouragement for those who put their faith in God.
But are these statements true? Do they have evidence to make such ‘substantial statements’? This part of the book will examine these statements and the ‘credentials’ of the fossil record which are said to be the main links between man and ape.
As seen previously in the study that fossil hunters or archaeologists are actually subject to placing the found organisms in an already assumed arcahelogical strata (geological rock strata) though they may be found in other strata in reality. Vayson de pradenne, who was the director of Ecole des Hautes Etudes, and a professor at theEcole d’Anthropologie, explains in his book Fraudes Archaeologiques, published in 1925, how archaeologists will not class their findings (example- bones) according to the stratum they would find them but will assume that the artifact reached that stratum accidentally, and he will class it with the already pre-assumed strata. Quoting from his book:
“He will end with real trickery in the stratigraphic presentation of his specimens; trickery in aid of a pre-conceived idea, but more or less unconsciously done by a man of good faith whom no one would call fraudulent. This case is often seen, and if I mention no names it is not because I do not know any.”
Today after revolution of every field of education, the world has taken for granted the authenticity of the work published by famous men and trusted scientists. This can be seen in various fields from politics to science to media etc. Thus it must be made clear that there is absolute surety in the field of science, and every ‘fact’ must be given time and space to evidence itself to a point of perfect and absolute satisfaction. Thus even the same has been seen in the field of archaeology and also in time the truth has emerged as shown in the following study.
The following are the so called ‘hominids’ or ape-man ancestors of humans.
1. THE PILTDOWN FORGERY
Discovered in 1912 by Charles Dawson, an amateur archaeologist, Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, keeper of geological department, British Museum, and a friend of Dawson, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, student at the Jesuit College, Ore Place, Hastings from 1908. There are various other people who also worked with Dawson, and naming them would not be necessary right now.
The discoveries of the various bone fragments was initiated by 1906 and finished by 1912. At a gravel pit at Piltdown, Sussex, England, scull fragments that looked human and a jaw bone which was exactly like that of an ape, along with a piece of elephant tooth, Hippopotamus teeth, mastodon and beaver, along with some tools, one of which was found by Teilhard. Soon after 1912, in a meeting at the Geological Society of London, experts were not convinced saying that the skull was human, and the jaw was ape like, and unfortunately the jaw was broken and the canine tooth missing. By looking at the canine tooth, which is more pointed in apes and flatter in humans, they could come to a satisfactory conclusion about the find. But Dawson’s assistant, Woodward was ‘convinced’ that this tooth could be found. In December 1913, Teilhard, Dawson’s assistant found the ‘missing’ tooth that was rather flat as found in Humans. This strengthened their findings to evidence the theory.
The possibility of a fraud in 1950 was considered when the assumption of the fossil indicated that the Piltdown man had a brain and skull of a human but the jaw and teeth were ape like. This was in contrast to what the scientists perceived about evolution and escavation findings prior to the second world war. Therefore before 1956, Flourine tests were conducted on the bone findings and the following discovery of the hoax was noted:
1. The Human skull was dated to the upper Pleistocene.
2. The ape like jaw in contrast was found to be rather modern (just 50 years old after it’s death).
3. The jaw had been stained with bichromate of potash to make it look older than it actually was.
4. The other bone findings were actually shaped by knife to look more like what Dawson’s assistants wanted it to look like.
Experts who had made huge statements about the bone findings to claim evolution as a fact were put to shame when the hoax was faithfully unveiled by the scientific community. In 1955, Dr. Weiner published ‘the Piltdown Forgery’. Teilhard, who was ordained as a priest was identified as the main culprit. In many attempts to harmonise evolution with creation, Teilhard was in urgent need for some real ‘evidence’ to prove his theory. That’s when he joined Dawson’s group where he fabricated the missing link.
This theory was the leading theory of evolution in the early 90s and was taught in schools. But today that once so convincing theory or rather ‘evidence’ was proved scientifically to be a hoax. What a shame for those who put their trust in the theory.
[Above picture taken from the Research book ‘Ape-Men- Fact or fallacy’, by Malcolm Bowden]
In the above diagram, Fig.4. shows us what was found at the Piltdown site, while the second diagram, Fig.5., shows us the structre and elements of a true Homo sapiens skull
2. NEANDERTHAL MAN
Today this once perceived primitive man is classified as Homo sapiens, completely human. In fact this ‘man’ had a cranial capacity that exceeds that of a modern man by 13%. So this theory is refuted.
3. LUCY
Discovered by D. C. Johanson, during 1972 to 1977, in Ethiopia this ‘specimen’ was supposed to have walked upright. This speculation was made based on noticing the angle of the knee joint, that was found about 2 miles away and 200 feet deeper in the strata. Moreover the knee joint end of the femur was severely crushed. Obviously invalid due to very vague evidence and mere speculation!
4. THE JAVA MAN
The following is how the whole theory of the Java man came into existence:
“In September 1891 Dubois, a Dutch physician, who much awaited the finding of the ‘missing link’, discovered a very large upper right molar tooth in a cave on the banks of the Solo river. The following month he found the famous skull cap of ape-like creature, and in August of the following year, 14m away, he found a human femur; both were completely fossilized. Later, another molar was found 3m from the skull cap. He also discovered various portions of four more human femurs and a human tooth, but did not publicize them until many years later.”[APE-MEN Fact of Fallacy? A critical examination of the evidence, Malcolm Bowden, p.140]
The above paragraph quoted from the research book shows us the short History of how the Java man came into existence. Notice the Bone findings and the analysation is complete. With so little evidence from an ape skull cap and human femur found about a year later, and 14m away, this theory lacks the qualities of being scientific.
Thus another theory discarded by the learned.
The Java man findings
5. THE PEKIN MAN
Regarded as the indisputable evidence to early man after the exposure of the previous frauds and speculations that took place in this field of evolution, this fossil has the evidence of a ‘single tooth’. In 1926, Dr. Davidson Black and his team were interested in 2 teeth found at Choukoutein, China four years before. On October 27, 1927, after huge investments were made for a research purpose considering bold claims that the 2 teeth belonged to prehistoric man, Black’s assistant Bohlin found another molar tooth and showed it to Davidson Black. With evidence of a ‘Single Molar tooth’, Dr. Black said that the tooth belonged to prehistoric man and named the Homonid Sinanthropus pekinensis. Such a bold statement with no evidence at all shows the nature of this theory.
By the year 1943, an extra ‘evidence’ of a Brain case and Jaw of this Hominid was found. Other than that a wrist bone, collar bone, and two pieces of the humerus were found. After these scanty finds Teilhard (the scientist involved with the Piltdown man hoax) writes about how that these bone fragments belonged to prehistoric man. Moreover it was even declared that these Pekin Men, walked Upright! WHERE IS THE EVIDENCE?
Below is a statement from Wikipedia:
“A lower jaw, several teeth, and skull fragments were unearthed in 1928. Black presented these finds to the Foundation and was rewarded with an $80,000 grant that he used to establish the Cenozoic Research Laboratory.”[ Wikipedia, Pekin man]
What an easy way to earn a lot of money! A Lower jaw, several teeth and lastly some skull fragments. What’s more intriguing about this whole Pekin Man issue is that, in November 1941, the little evidence of the ‘fossil man’ was being sent to USA for safe preservation due to the War. But on the way to the Port in China, the Fossils went missing. What’s left of the Pekin Man are models made with the little evidence that ‘one existed’.[Ape-men, Fact or fallacy, Malcolm Bowden p. 91 – 119.]
CONCLUSION
As we saw in our brief discussion on the evolution of man, with so little evidence and a number of speculations, it is evident that the presumed theory of the evolution of man has to be accepted only by ‘faith’, since there is no evidence at all to this theory.
Conclusion to Evolution
Evolution a controversial yet widely accepted theory seems to convince the public including the educational systems and the scientific community as well. A common pattern seen in the teaching of this theory is the good amount of ‘talk’ based on assumption, and a series of stories given by many ‘scientists’ that have no clear stand at all. The frauds and failures are not taught in textbooks, neither is the theory taught as a ‘theory’, but is taught as a fact.
Many arguments about adding creation as an alternative view has been scornfully denied saying that there was no evidence. Where is the evidence for evolution then?
Therefore it must be noted that there is no evidence at all for evolution first and the evolution of man in particular.
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